Moscow’s History: Key Periods
The earliest known written mention of Moscow dates to 1147. Over the centuries, the early fortified settlement on the Moskva River developed into a political and cultural center of Russia.
Early City and Kremlin
The Kremlin formed the fortified heart of medieval Moscow. Following attacks and destruction, the city was rebuilt and expanded repeatedly. Moscow’s political importance grew in the 15th and 16th centuries, as churches, palaces, and fortifications shaped the city center.
Change of Capital and Reconstruction
When Peter the Great moved the seat of government to St. Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained an important city. During the War of 1812, much of the city was destroyed by fires; the subsequent reconstruction transformed the cityscape once again.
Moscow in the 20th Century
In 1918, the seat of government returned to Moscow. During the Soviet era, the city expanded considerably and became the center of state politics. Today, historic districts and modern urban development together shape the Russian capital. The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square bring key periods in the city’s history to life in the historic center.
